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集约化养殖模式在提升生产效率的同时，也加剧了动物应激问题。在养殖过程中动物面临的应激分为急性应激和慢性应激，这些应激会激活动物体的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴（The Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis,HPA），导致大量的糖皮质激素（Glucocorticoid,GC）分泌，进而通过糖皮质激素受体（GR）信号通路系统性抑制机体免疫功能，显著增加疾病易感性。目前，关于动物应激后糖皮质激素介导免疫抑制的分子机制尚未完全阐明，且急性应激和慢性应激因作用时长和强度差异，对免疫细胞的影响也存在显著分化。急性应激一方面通过抑制大部分免疫细胞的功能和促进免疫细胞的凋亡来抑制免疫力；另一方面能刺激树突状细胞对抗原摄取、增强体液免疫反应和调动部分NK细胞向炎症反应区域迁移。而慢性应激会抑制大部分免疫细胞功能，但在前期会通过单核细胞和巨噬细胞诱导低度慢性炎症。本文系统阐述了应激源性糖皮质激素通过GR信号通路调控免疫细胞功能的关键机制，并区分急性和慢性应激的差异化效应，为靶向调控畜禽应激性免疫抑制的干预策略提供理论依据。
Abstract：Intensive farming models enhance production efficiency while simultaneously exacerbating animal stress issues. During the rearing process, animals face stressors categorized as acute stress and chronic stress.. These stressors activate the animals' hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPA axis), leading to massive secretion of glucocorticoids(GCs). This subsequently systematically suppresses immune function through the glucocorticoid receptor(GR) signaling pathway, significantly increasing disease susceptibility.,. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of GC-mediated immunosuppression post-animal stress remain incompletely elucidated. Moreover, due to differences in duration and intensity, acute and chronic stress exhibit significantly divergent effects on immune cells. Acute stress suppresses immunity by inhibiting the functions of most immune cells and promoting their apoptosis. However, it can also enhance immunity by promoting the development of T cells and neutrophils, boosting humoral immune responses, and mobilizing certain NK cells to migrate to inflammatory sites. In contrast, chronic stress can inhibit the function of most immune cells, but in the early stages, it can induce low-grade chronic inflammation through monocytes and macrophages. This review article systematically expounds the key mechanisms by which stress-derived glucocorticoids regulate immune cell functions via the GR signaling pathway, distinguishing differential effects between acute and chronic stress, thus providing a theoretical basis for targeted intervention strategies against stress-induced immunosuppression in livestock and poultry.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.19556/j.0258-7033.20241114-03
中图分类号:S852.4
引用信息:
[1]俞龙海,李艳.应激源性糖皮质激素在免疫系统调节中的双向作用及其分子机制研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2025,61(11):8-16.DOI:10.19556/j.0258-7033.20241114-03.
基金信息:
浙江省自然科学基金（LZ22C180004）; 国家自然科学基金（32102620）